自考本计算机专业英语（一）翻译

发布日期:2015-09-26 点击次数:2328

作者：吉大自考网 www.jdzkw.com.cn
关键词：吉大自考 计算机应用软件
报名方式：13620791345 许老师 0431-85690458
计算机应用软件（本科）  专业代码：080762 主考学校：吉林大学 
计算机专业英语（一）（07757）  翻译
英译汉：
1. Internet resource access is the primary function of the World Wide Web.
万维网的主要功能是提供互联网的访问服务。
 
2．The WWW can be described as an internet application platform.
.我们可以把万维网描述为一个互联网应用平台。
3. User must get their E-mail systems setup first before they can use them.
用户必须在电子邮件系统设置完毕后才能使用这些系统。
4. MS-DOS is a command line interface-based operating system.
 MS-DOS 是命令行界面型操作系统。
5．We have the input/output and store devices to go.
我们还有输入/输出设备和存储设备有待讨论
6. Gopher, FTP, Usenet and Web sites are the ways the WWW offers to access the resources located on the Internet
万维网提供Gopher、FTP、Usenet和Web sites 等访问互联网资源的途径
7. With E-mail services, computer users can receive and send messages in a pretty convenient way.
有了电子邮件系统,计算机用户就能方便的收发信息。
8. A user can’t start receiving and sending messages without an E-mail account.
没有电子邮件账户用户无法开始收发信息
9. A user needs to select the cell where date goes first and then type in the date.
用户得先选择输入数据的单元然后输入数据
10．Operating system is the most important type of computer system software.
操作系统是最重要的计算机系统软件。
11、In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.
在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那些个体间的关系或性质的一些短语。
12. Another reason commonly given that languages like Lisp, TCL, and Smalltalk are good for prototyping is that they don’t require you to pin down decisions early on------ these languages are semantically rich. 
一般认为像Lisp、TCL和Smalltalk这样一些语言十分适合于原型法的另一理由，是因为它们不要求
你受早期决定的约束-----这些语言的语义是很丰富的。
13.We have systems which can see well enough to “recognize” objects from photographs , video cameras and other sensors.
现在有些系统的视觉好得足以“识别”照片上、摄象机和其他传感器拍摄得图像上得物体。
14. In the meantime , the lure of a cheaper and easier-to-maintain intranet infrastructure brought about by the use of a relatively standard Web client has many IS managers enthusiastic about using Web browsers. 
同时，在通过使用比较报纸的Web客户机而带来的较便宜、较易维护的内部网基础设施的诱惑下，
许多信息系统的经理对使用Web浏览器很热情。
15. Work parts are automatically loaded at central locations on to the handling system and are routed to the  proper machine tools. 
工作部件被自动地装在处理系统的中心位置，并经由指定路线传送给适当的机床。
16.In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.
在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那些个体间的关系或性质的一些短语。
17. Even though one can argue that all programs exhibit some degree of intelligence , an AI program will go beyond this in demonstrating a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds the intelligence required of a human in performing some task.
即使有人可能争辩说，所有程序都显示出某种程度得智能，但AI程序将超过它，AI程序表现出高的
智能等于或超过了人在完成某个任务中所需的智能。 
18.Geographic information systems are one of the fastest growing business applications and later this decade may be as common as word processing software and spreadsheet applications. 
地理信息系统是发展最快的事物应用软件之一，这十年后期它会像字处理软件和电子表格应用软件
一样普及。
19、Warehouse data is often gathered from sources throughout an enterprise , including different applications , databases , and computer systems , and is likely to be fragmented and inconsistent. 
数据仓库数据经常是从整个企业的各种来源收集的，包括不同的应用、数据库与计算机系统等，因
而可能是支离破碎和不一致的。
20. To transport a CAD system running in one operating system to another operating system is not as trivial as recompiling the software. 
把在一个操作系统上运行的CAD移植到另一个不同的操作系统上，并不像重编译该软件那样简单。
21.All users see the same image; thus, other team members view the scene from an incorrect perspective with the resulting distortion depending upon differences in location within the immersive room. 
所有用户看到的是同一个图像；因而，小组其他一些成员从不恰当的视点观察该景象，所产生的失
真取决于在沉浸室内位置上的差异。
22.A handheld’s constraints（局限性） mean that it’s usually impossible to directly port a desktop application to a wireless handheld device. For the same reasons, it’s difficult to directly access most Web sites with a handheld device. Web applications are traditionally designed based on the assumption that visitors will have a desktop computer with a large screen and a mouse.
手持设备的局限性意味着它通常不能直接把台式应用程序移植到无线手持设备上，出于同样的理
由，用手持设备直接访问多数Web站点也很困难。Web应用程序传统上是基于访问者拥有带大屏幕和
鼠标的台式计算机这样的假设而设计的。
23.A new concept called the Storage Area Network(SAN)（存储区域网络）could offer an answer to the increasing amount of data that needs to be stored in an enterprise network environment. By implementing a SAN, users can offload storage traffic from daily network operations while establishing a direct connection between storage elements and servers.
对需要在企业网络环境中存储数据量越来越大的问题，一种称之为存储区域网络(SAN)的新概念可
能提供了一个答案。通过实现一个SAN，用户可以在存储设备与服务器之间建立直接连接的同时，
把存储传输负荷从日常网络操作中分出来。
24. A Storage Area Network（SAN，存储区域网） does not need to be a physically separate network, either. It can be a dedicated sub-network, carrying only the business-critical I/O traffic between servers and storage devices. A SAN, for example, would not carry general-purpose traffic such as e-mail or other end-user applications. This type of net avoids the unacceptable trade-offs inherent in a single network for all applications
SAN不需要在物理上是一个单独的网络。它可以是一个专用的子网，只在服务器与存储设备之间传
输关键业务I/O信息。例如，SAN不传送通用意义上的信息，如电子邮件或其它最终用户应用程序。
这类网络避免了单一网络中固有的不能接受的拆衷
25. Plug and Play(即插即用)——basically a set of PC architecture specifications---is an effort by hardware and software vendors to design intelligence into PCs to handle installation and configuration tasks automatically and without user intervention.
With a plug-and-play system, users can install devices into or remove them from a desktop or mobile PC; dock and undock desktop PCs from a network; and optimally configure the system for different applications without modifying configuration parameters or expansion-card jumper settings.
即插即用——基本上是一组PC机体系结构的规范，是一种由软硬件厂商将智能设计进PC机的工作，
以便自动地和无须用户干预地处置安装与配置任务。
有了即插即用系统，用户就能把设备装进或移出台式或移动式PC机，使台式PC机联网或脱网;以及
为不同应用最佳地配置系统而无须修改配置参数或扩展卡的跳线装置等。
26.IPV6——the next-generation networking protocol——promises to change the way corporate networks and the Internet work.IPv6 (also referred to as IPng or ,simply,v6)will eliminate some of IPv4's shortcomings that have appeared as a result of the global Internet explosion.IPv6 is a much-needed improvement, promising easier-to-obtain IP addresses, cheaper and faster routing, and such features as quality of service(QOS, 服务质量) and encryption（加密）.
IPv6——下一代的连网协议，有希望改变公司网络和因特网的工作方式。IPv6也叫做IPng，或简称
v6，将消除IPv4因全球因特网爆炸性发展而带来的某些缺点。IPv6是一项非常需要的改进，它许诺
更容易获得IP地址，更快更便宜建立路由以及具有较好的服务质量(QOS)和加密等特点。
27. RISC processors, because they are software-programmable, provide the flexibility to adapt to the rapidly evolving data communications market. However, they lack ASIC-level performance because of their generalized(归一化的) architectures. ASICs solve the performance problem but can take 12 to 18 months to develop; require scarce, specialized engineering talent to implement; and have fixed functionality. Modifying an ASIC can cost six to nine months in time-to-market and, even worse, can force forklift upgrades on customers who own equipment based on out-of-date silicon(硅).
RISC处理器由于是可编程的，故提供了灵活性，以适应快速发展的数据通信市场。然而，由于
它们采用归一化的体系结构，故缺乏ASIC档次的性能。ASIC解决了性能问题，但要花12至18个
月时间来开发，并需要不多见的专门工程人才来具体实现，同时具备固定不变的功能性。修改
ASIC可能要以推迟6至9个月产品上市的时间为代价。更有甚者，可能强迫拥有基于过时硅电设
备的客户升级。
28. Hand-held devices（手持设备） are more limited than desktop computers in several important ways. Their screens are small——perhaps a few inches square or able to display only a few lines of text-and they’re often monochrome instead of color. Their input capabilities are limited to a few buttons or numbers, or entering data takes extra time, as happens with a personal digital assistant’s (PDA) handwriting-recognition capabilities. They have less processing power and memory to work with, and their wireless network connections have less bandwidth and are slower than those of computers hard-wired to fast LANs.
手持设备在多个重要的方面比台式计算机更受限制。它们的屏幕很小——也许只有几平方英寸
或者只能显示几行文本信息，它们常常是单色的而不是彩色的。它们的输入功能局限于几个按
键或数字键，或者像个人数字助理(PDA)手写体识别功能那样，输入数据要花很长时间，它们所
拥有的工作处理能力和内存都较小。比起那些通过计算机硬连线与快速局域网相连的连接，它
们的无线网络连接带宽较窄，速度也较慢。
29. Digital subscriber line technology comes in a bewildering variety of flavors, but they all have one thing in common——they use various modulation techniques to turn those plodding "last mile" loops of copper between the customer premises and the telco's(电信公司) central office into high-speed data and voice carriers. Most of the focus has been on ADSL(asymmetric digital subscriber line),which delivers rates of 32 Kbps to 8.192 Mbps downstream, and 32 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream to the network, while providing phone service at the same time on the same line. 
数字用户环路(DSL)技术有几种令人疑惑的不同变种，但它们都有一样公共的东西——它们用不
同的调制技术，把用户房屋和电话公司的中心局之间低速的"最后一英里"铜线回路变成高速的
数据和话音的载体。(人们)注意力多数集中在ADSL(不对称数字用户环路)上，它给出32K至
8.192Mbps的下行速度和32K至1.088Mbps的上行速度，同时在同一线路上提供电话服务。
30. But even without a new OS, these features can be utilized. Leveraging Windows' driver model, specialty vendors will offer drivers that can fully exploit these integrated features. Thus providing dramatically improved——or arguably, finally usable-video and speech capabilities. Of course, this Pentium-Windows chasm provides an opportunity for other operating system vendors such as Red Hat and Be Inc. That is assuming that they can react like the Microsoft of old.
但即使没有新的OS，也能利用这些特性。通过利用Windows的驱动程序模型，专业公司将提供全
面利用这些内在特性的驱动程序，从而提供戏剧性改进了的——或者还有争议，但最终能使用的视
频与语音功能。当然，这场Pentium-Windows的角逐为其它的操作系统公司，如Red Hat公司和
Be公司提供了机会。这是假设他们能像过去的微软公司那样工作。
31. Given the relative quickness of software development, one would think that software solutions would lead the computing agenda for many years. But as software delays have become more profound and commonplace, hardware-featured solutions are beginning to offer better solutions than their software counterparts. And given the improving capabilities of hardware development, hardware vendors will become the clear leader in this race.
在假设软件开发较快的情况下，人们会认为软件方案将在计算领域独领风骚许多年，但随着软
件开发的延迟变得更严重、更常见，以硬件为特色的方案开始优于同类软件方案。在硬件开发
能力得到改进的情况下，硬件厂家将在这场竞赛中明显领先。
32.Video compression is a collection of techniques used to shrink video files. Embodied by products called codecs (compression/decompression), these methods fall into two general categories: interframe and intraframe compression.
Interframe compression uses a system of key and delta frames to eliminate redundant information between frames. Key frames store an entire frame, while delta, or “difference”, frames record only the interframe changes. During decompression, the CPU builds frames from the key frames and accumulated deltas.
Intraframe compression is performed entirely within individual frames. During intraframe compression, codes use a variety of techniques to convert pixels to more compact mathematical formulas. The simplest technique is called run length encoding (RLE), in which rows of adjacent identical pixels are grouped together.
视频图像压缩是一组用来缩小视频图像文件大小的技术. 由被称为Codecs(压缩/解压)产品所体现
的这些方法分为两大类: 帧间压缩和帧内压缩.
帧间压缩利用关键帧和§帧方法来消除帧之间的冗余信息. 关键帧存储一幅完整的帧, 而§帧
或”差异”帧, 仅记录帧间变化. 解压时, CPU从关键帧和累加的§帧来构造各个帧.
帧内压缩是完全在个别的帧内进行的. 在帧内压缩时, Codecs使用各种技术把像素转换成更紧凑的
数学公式. 最简单的技术称作行程长度编码(RLE). 按这种编码法, 各行中相邻的相同像素串归在一起.
33.Block: A sequence of executable statements which is a part of an executable constructor. 
Data object: A variable or a constant.
Data entity: A data object, the result of the evaluation of an expression, or the result of a function reference. 
Definition: A derived type definition defines a derived data type. A subprogram definition defines a user-defined subroutine or function. A variable or a record of an internal file is defined if they have a valid value.
Double precision real: The double precision real type is a special case of the real type.
FORTRAN processor: The computing system consisting of hardware and software by which programs are transformed for use on that system.
Parent object: A subobject is a part of a parent object.
Presence: An optional dummy argument is present if an actual argument is associated with it which either a present dummy argument of the caller is or which is not a dummy argument of the caller.
Reference: A “data object reference” is the appearance of the data object name or data object designator where its value is required during program execution.
Variable: A named variable is a scalar or an array object that has an own name. An unmanned variable is an array element, an array section, a structure component, or a character string.
块(程序块): 可执行语句序列, 它是可执行结构的一部分
数据对象: 变量或常量
数据实体: 数据对象、表达式球值的结果或函数引用的结果
定义:导出类型定义定义导出的数据类型.子程序定义定义用户定义的例行子程序或函数.变量或内
部文件的记录被定义,如果它们有有效值的话.
双精度实型:双精度实型是实型的一种特殊情形.
FORTRAN处理器: 由硬件和软件组成的计算系统,程序由此软件变换以供在此系统上使用.
父对象:子对象是父对象的一部分
存在: 一个可任选的哑变元是存在的,如果与他相关联的实在变元或者是调用程序之存在的哑变元,
或者根本不是调用程序的哑变元
引用: ”数据对象引用”是程序执行期间需要其值的数据对象名或数据对象命名符的出现.
变量: 有名变量是标量或有自己名的数组对象.无名变量是数组元素, 数组段, 结构成分或字符串
34.Objected-based logical models are used for describing data at the conceptual and view levels. They are very close to human logic. Many different models are available to describe object-based logic models. The most important among them are semantic data model and entity-relationship model. Semantic data model provides a facility for expressing meaning about the data in the database. The Entity-Relationship model (E-R model) is based on a perception of a real world which consists of a collection of objects called entities and relationships among these objects. An entity is an object, which can be uniquely distinguished from other objects.
Record-based logical models define the overall logical structure of the database as well as higher level description of its implementation.
Physical data models are used to describe data at the lowest level.
基于对象的逻辑模型用于描述概念层与视图层的数据. 它们非常接近于人的逻辑. 很多不同的模型
可用来描述基于对象的逻辑模型, 其中最重要的是语义数据模型和实体关系模型. 语义数据模型提
供了表达数据库中数据之意义的设施. 实体关系模型(E-R模型)是基于这样的认识: 现实世界是由
一组称为实体的对象和这些对象之间的关系组成的. 实体是对象, 它能与其他对象唯一地区别开
.
基于记录的逻辑模型定义数据库的整个逻辑结构以及其实现的更高级描述.
物理数据模型用于描述最低层的数据.
35. Internet resource access is the primary function of the World Wide Web.
36.万维网的主要功能是提供互联网的访问服务。
37．The WWW can be described as an internet application platform.
38.我们可以把万维网描述为一个互联网应用平台。
39. User must get their E-mail systems setup first before they can use them.
40. 用户必须在电子邮件系统设置完毕后才能使用这些系统。
41.MS-DOS is a command line interface-based operating system.
42. MS-DOS 是命令行界面型操作系统。
43．We have the input/output and store devices to go.
44. 我们还有输入/输出设备和存储设备有待讨论。
45．操作系统是最重要的计算机系统软件。
46．Operating system is the most important type of computer system software.
47．用户得先选择输入数据的单元然后输入数据。
A user needs to select the cell where date goes first and then type in the date.
48．有了电子邮件系统,计算机用户就能方便的收发信息。
49. With E-mail services, computer users can receive and send messages in a pretty convenient way.
50．万维网提供Gopher、FTP、Usenet和Web sites 等访问互联网资源的途径。
51. Gopher, FTP, Usenet and Web sites are the ways the WWW offers to access the resources located on the Internet.
52．没有电子邮件账户用户无法开始收发信息。
 A user can’t start receiving and sending messages without an E-mail account.
53.万维网的主要功能是提供互联网的访问服务。
Internet resource access is the primary function of the World Wide Web.
54.我们可以把万维网描述为一个互联网应用平台。
The WWW can be described as an internet application platform.
55. 用户必须在电子邮件系统设置完毕后才能使用这些系统。
User must get their E-mail systems setup first before they can use them.
56. MS-DOS 是命令行界面型操作系统。
MS-DOS is a command line interface-based operating system.
57 我们还有输入/输出设备和存储设备有待讨论。
We have the input/output and store devices to go.
58. 万维网提供Gopher、FTP、Usenet和Web sites 等访问互联网资源的途径。
With E-mail services, computer users can receive and send messages in a pretty convenient way.
59. 有了电子邮件系统,计算机用户就能方便的收发信息。
A user can’t start receiving and sending messages without an E-mail account.
60没有电子邮件账户用户无法开始收发信息。
A user needs to select the cell where date goes first and then type in the date.
61 用户得先选择输入数据的单元然后输入数据。
Operating system is the most important type of computer system software.
62操作系统是最重要的计算机系统软件。
System software runs as an interface between computer hardware and application software.
63系统软件相当于计算机硬件和应用程序之间的界面。
When started by users, application software is loaded into the RAM of a computer. 
64用户启动后，应用软件就被载入计算机内存。
Operating system is the most important type of computer system software.
65.操作系统是最重要的计算机系统软件。
The internet makes our life more colorful.
66.互联网是我们的生活更加丰富多彩。
A computer is composed of a hardware system and a software system.
67.计算机由硬件系统和软件系统构成。
All computer-related information can be found on Web sites.
68.所有电脑相关信息均可以在网上查到。
Computer configuration consists of hardware configuration and software configuration.
69. 计算机配置包括硬件配置和软件配置。
Please double check the computer and make sure it is powered off.
70请检查一下计算机是不是关机了。
When a computer is switched on, the operating system is automatically loaded into the RAM.
71计算机启动后，操作系统自动载入内存。
A computer uses a keyboard to fetch the date and instructions is needs.
72.系统软件相当于计算机硬件和应用程序之间的界面。
System software runs as an interface between computer hardware and application software.
73用户启动后，应用软件就被载入计算机内存。
When started by users, application software is loaded into the RAM of a computer.
74互联网是我们的生活更加丰富多彩。
The internet makes our life more colorful.
75计算机由硬件系统和软件系统构成。
A computer is composed of a hardware system and a software system.
76所有电脑相关信息均可以在网上查到。
All computer-related information can be found on Web sites.
77计算机配置包括硬件配置和软件配置。
Computer configuration consists of hardware configuration and software configuration.
78请检查一下计算机是不是关机了。
Please double check the computer and make sure it is powered off.
79计算机启动后，操作系统自动载入内存。
When a computer is switched on, the operating system is automatically loaded into the RAM.
80计算机用键盘获取所需数据和运算指令。
A computer uses a keyboard to fetch the date and instructions is needs.
 
汉译英：
1 Linux是不是像Windows那样太大以及需要系统资源太多，以致于不能满足嵌入式系统的约束要求
呢？与Windows不同，Linux本来就是模块化的，并且能够很容易缩减成紧缩配置，这种配置几乎与
DOS差不多大，甚至能放到一张软盘上。此外，因为Linux源码是免费可用的，所以可以按照独特的
嵌入式系统要求改编该操作系统。
这样，并不令人惊奇，开放源代码Linux已经建立了一个新的操作系统开发和支持范例，在那里数
以千计的开发人员继续贡献于不断发展的Linux代码库。此外，几十家面向Linux的软件公司已经出
现----它们热切支持那些为建立从工厂自动化到智能设备范围很广的应用系统的开发人员的需求。
Is Linux , like Windows , too large and demanding of system resources to fit the constraints of embedded system? Unlike Windows , Linux is inherently modular and can be easily scaled into compact configurations ,barely larger than DOS ,that can even fit on a single floppy. What’s more, since Linux source code id freely available, it’s possible to customize the OS according to unique embedded system requirements.
It’s not surprising, then, that open source Linux has created a new OS development and support paradigm wherein thousands of developers continually contribute to a constantly evolving Linux code base. In addition, dozens of Linux-oriented software companies have sprung up eager to support the needs of developers building a wide range of applications, ranging from factory to intelligent appliances.
2. 对许多嵌入式系统，为了适应诸如RAM、固态盘、处理机速度，以及功耗的约束，嵌入的Linux
的主要任务是，使系统所需的资源最小。嵌入式操作可能需要从一个芯片盘或紧凑闪存固态盘上自
举；或者自举和运行在没有显示器和键盘的环境，或经由以太网连接，从远程设备装入应用程序。
现成的小Linux有许多来源，其中有日益增多的面向应用的Linux配置和分发版，这些都被修改成
适用于特定的应用。例如路由器、防火墙、互联网/网络设备、网络服务器、网关等。
你也可选择建立你自己喜欢的嵌入式Linux，从一个标准分发版开始，略去不要的模块。虽然如
此，还应该考虑从别人的工作配置基础上开始你的工作，因为他们的版本的源码可用于那个目
的。最好的是，这种在别人努力的成果上建立系统，在Linux团体中不仅是完全合法的，也被鼓励。
For many embedded systems , the main challenge in embedding Linux is to minimize system resource requirements in order to fit within constraints such as ,RAM solid state disk(SSD), processor speed, and power consumption . Embedded operation may require booting from a DiskOnChip or CompactFlash SSD ; or booting and running without a display and keyboard ; or loading the application from a remote device via an Ethernet LAN connection. 
There are many resources of ready-made small foot-print Linux. Included among these are a growing number of application-oriented Linux configurations and distributions that are tuned to specific applications. Some examples are routers, firewalls ,internet/network appliances ,network servers ,gateways ,etc. 
You may also opt to create your own flavor of embedded Linux ,starting from a standard distribution and leaving out modules you don’t need. Even so ,you should consider jump-starting your efforts by beginning with someone else’s working configuration ,since the source code of their version will be available for that purpose . Best of all ,this sort of building on the efforts of others in the Linux community is not only completely legal but also encouraged!
3.一个长期目标可以是开发交互式程序变换系统，它帮助程序员把程序并行化并提供反馈和指导。
这种想法的问题是半自动化程序变换实现办法仍然是现行研究的对象，甚至对于顺序程序也是。在
中期内，导出实际的并行程序的、产品质量变换程序未必可能出现。传统的方法是讲授一些算法，
然后用具有明显并行性的程序设计语言明确地表达它们。这很可能是更成功的，特别是因为已知的
一些并行算法的主要部分很大，并且在迅速地增长。初步迹象表明，倘若语言与支持工具充分的
话，书写并行软件不比书写顺序软件显著地更困难。
A long tem goal could be to develop interactive program transformation systems that assist programmers in parallelizing programs and provide feedback and guidance. The problem with this idea is that the approach of semiautomatic program transformations is still an object of active research, even for sequential programs. In the medium terms, a production-quality transformer for deriving realistic, parallel programs is unlikely to appear. The traditional method of teaching algorithms is likely to be more successful, especially since the body of known parallel algorithms is large and growing rapidly. Initial indications seem to be that writing parallel software is not significantly harder than writing sequential software, provided the languages and support tools are adequate.

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